Reality consists of particulars and also of universals. Plato held that universals in some sense really exist. Yet from its emphasis on ideal as opposed to concrete existence, this Platonic doctrine would be classed as an idealism instead of realism. Thus ideas are substances and these ideas are universals. Insofar as the substances resemble the idea, they are real, insofar as they differ from it, they are unreal. Individual horses are not substances, they are mere copies of the substance ‘hoarseness’ which is an idea. According to Plato, the nature of things exists in the Ideas of them, an existence more real than that of sensible, individual things. The term ‘realism’ has been applied retroactively to the transcendence of the Platonic Forms or Ideas. Locke, the principal exponent of representative realism, believed that there are physical objects existing independently of perception, but that the way these objects appear to us is in many ways different from the way they really are. In representative realism, a counterpart of the external object is sometimes regarded as a representation of it. In critical realism, the object can be conceived as, in some sense, duplicated, so that the mind directly encounters only a counterpart of the external object and not the object itself. In neo-realism, the object itself, though external, can be viewed as the sole entity standing before the mind and grasped by it. In common-sense realism, the externality of the world can be regarded as simply and obviously given. In the realism of natures, an entity is understood as the Form or Idea in which a thing participates, such as ‘manness’ is the essence of “the ‘what it is’ of a thing.” In the realism of things, on the other hand, that which is viewed as having an existence external to the mind is the total, concrete and individual object of experience, which the realist regards as retaining its chief properties at all times, even when left unseen. ![]() Realism can be divided into two fundamentally different kinds, viz., the realism of natures and the realism of things. Thus the realists admit the existence of innumerable objects, each knowledge having an object of its own. ![]() Realists maintain that the relation between a knowledge and its object is an external relation, since the concerned object can exist beyond this relation. Here one of the relate cannot exist without the other. ![]() The relation between a physical object and its extension is a case of internal relation. For example, the relation between a table and the book kept on it is a case of external relation.Īgain two things cannot exist outside a relation if that relation between them is internal. A relation between two things is to be treated as external if their relation does not in any way affect their nature. There are many objects in the world together with their qualities and relations, which are not known by us, Further realism suggests that the relation between an object and its knowledge is external and not internal. All objects of our knowledge will continue to exist even if no mind knows them. The existence of an object of knowledge never depends on knowing mind or knowledge. Realist asserts, it is not only true that every knowledge has an extra mental object, it is also a fact that the object of a knowledge exists independently of knowledge or the knower. Every knowledge has an object of its own and one knowledge is different from another knowledge due to the difference of their objects. The object is not an integral part of knowledge. Thus the object of knowledge lies beyond knowledge or the mind that knows. They say that the function of knowledge is to manifest an object. In Indian philosophy, Nyaya – Vaisesikas are realists. ![]() Realism holds that every knowledge must have an object. Image Curtsey: /blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Idealis-Realism.jpg
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